Parmenides and Heraclitus - 5510 Words

This paper looks at two Greek philosophers, Heraclitus, and Parmenides. It examines their different theories as to how the universe was created, understanding of the universe, way of truth, way of opinion and the third way. The author explains that Parmenides, who came after Heraclitus, addressed part of his writings as a refutation of Heraclitus? views. He objected both to Heraclitus? view of the universe and how Heraclitus felt people could gain knowledge of it. From the Paper: While we have discussed what both men see as the make up of the material world, it is equally important to take up how each man felt he could know what he knows about the universe. Mimicking a bit the structure of Parmenides? own writings, this section†¦show more content†¦But between the Sophists and Socrates there was a fundamental difference. The Sophists showed that equally good arguments could be advanced on either side of any issue; they were skeptics who doubted that there could be any certain or reliable knowledge. On the other hand, Socrates was committed to the pursuit of truth and considered it his mission to seek out certain knowledge. Unlike philosophers before them, Sophists claimed to be wise enough to teach whatever you might want to know as long as you were willing to pay them the required fees. Sophists traveled more than ordinary Greeks and they learned that there is a real variety of correct ways to do things depending upon ones perspective. They believed there was no universally appropriate way of doing anything. Therefore there can be no absolutes of any kind. Appearances are reality, at least the only reality any of us can know. They were extremely doubtful about the possibility of discovering anything that was really true. Instead, they taught their followers how to get along in the world, without certain knowledge. They taught their followers how to win disputes, how to speak well and convincingly how to succeed. Their underlying theory developed from two remarks of two of the leading Sophists. Protagoras, perhaps the greatest of the Sophists, said Main is the measure of all things and Gorgias, another great sophist, proclaimed, Nothing exists, and if it did, no one could know it, and if theyShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Weaknesses Of Heraclitus And Parmenides1547 Words   |  7 Pages Heraclitus and Parmenides were two of the most influential and enigmatic of the Presocratic philosophers. Heraclitus argued for the idea that reality is impermanent, while Parmenides argued that reality is static. Parmenides also focused on using rationality to discern the nature of reality, as opposed to Heraclitus’ use of sensory experiences. They both argued for reality being one distinct thing, however there are differences between them in this idea of unity. Nietzsche s perspectivism isRead MorePre-Socratic View on Change-Motion Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesmotion has not always been so well defined. The unknown aspects of what caused change and motion, how it affected the world, or whether change or motion was even possible led to a search for answers among many philosophers in Ancient Greece. Heraclitus, Parmenides and Zeno, and Epicurus, all pre-Socratic philosophers, were intrigued by this topic. Each of the men proposed their theories as to what caused change or motion, if they believed change or motion even existed, which not all did, and describedRead MoreParmenides: the Real Being Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesParmenides: The Real Being Parmenides, as did Heraclitus before him, wrote about a state known as What Is. However, they differed sharply in their view of that state. Parmenides insisted that What Is be viewed as a constant. Heraclitus focus was on elements transferring to and from opposites. Parmenides concentrated on a sense of being. Heraclitus believed in a flux or Yin and Yang in the world that promoted harmony and stability, What is opposed brings together, the finest harmonyRead MoreParmemides and Heraclitus on Change Essay525 Words   |  3 PagesHeraclitus argued there was a single divine law of the universe, which rules and guides the cosmos. This is the Logos. He said that the logos both underlies and governs change. Heraclitus compares the logos to fire an element that is always changing yet always the same. For example he said, The sun is new each day.(Curd Pg. 38 88) His view was that all things are derived from a single arche or starting point and that as now constituted all things are o rganized within a single world structure orRead MoreAristotle s Views On Metaphysics And Cosmology1481 Words   |  6 PagesParmenides, although generally ascribed the position of a monist, offers arguments through his poem that are not so clearly of monist persuasion and at times, creates a whole host of possible meanings. His views on metaphysics and cosmology seem to differ from his predecessor Heraclitus’ doctrine of flux, believing instead that all is continuously one and unchanging, maintaining that beings are what exist and non-beings cannot exist through the acknowledgement that what is existent cannot be createdRead MoreAncient Greek Philosophers911 Words   |  4 Pagesto elaborate and explain how change and motion occur. Heraclitus’ conclusion can be summed up in a quote of his: â€Å"One cannot step into the same river twice.† Parmenides and Zeno, unlike Heraclitus, came to the conclusion that the world was practically an unmovable brick; there is no change, there is no motion. Finally, Epicurus came to the conclusion that the world was formed from indivisible, and constantly colliding atoms. Heraclitus was a monist. His interpretation of the one and true realityRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greeks Philosophy Change/Motion1028 Words   |  5 PagesHeraclitus, like many of the beginning philosophers was a monist. His interpretation of the one reality was fire; however, this is not to be taken literally. Heraclitus believed that the â€Å"one† could not be any material thing, but could be found in the orderliness of change and he explained fire as â€Å"always changing yet somehow is always the same.† By having orderliness, there is possibility for the human mind to understand the cosmos instead of it being chaotic and based on the gods’ wills. He believedRead MoreGreek Philosophy : The Concept Of God : Greek Philosophy1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gods† (Xenophanes pg 32 B1 line 24). In Heraclitus, it is said that the gods were very nourishing supporting and had power with no limit. He states, â€Å"Those who speak with understanding (noos) must rely firmly on what is common to all as city must rely on [its?] law, and much more firmly. For all human laws are nourished by one law, the divine law; for it has a much power as it wishes and is sufficient for all and is still left over† ( Heraclitus pg 43 23 B114). Also the gods had a lot of wisdomRead MoreWho Were The Pythagoreans? How Did They Try Solve The Dilemma Of Anaximander?1131 Words   |  5 Pages(Parker, 20). 5. What was Parmenides’ answer to the same riddle? Parmenides’ answer to the riddle was that â€Å"change is an illusion† meaning all there is already exists and nothing can change. Parmenides disbelieves in his senses thus his reason that change is in fact an illusion. 6. What was the answer of the Pluralists, and how was this an attempt to reconcile the opposed positions of Heraclitus and Parmenides? The Pluralists try to maintain both what Heraclitus and Parmenides say by â€Å"preserving† simplicityRead MoreThe Differing Perspectives of Greek Philosophers Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesUnlike Parmenides and Heraclitus, who took a clear stance on whether being is changing or unchanging, Empedocles argued that things do change, but these objects are composed of materials that do not change. The change that we see is merely a cause of the interaction and changes in position of the four basic elements (earth, air, fire, and water). Much like Heraclitus and his views that orderly change is brought about by the â€Å"logos†, Empedocles also recognized that there was a force responsible for

Rationale Emotive Therapy Looks At The Causes Of Dysfunction

Rationale Emotive Therapy looks at the causes of dysfunction and maladaptive behavior. Incorporating Ellis’s ABC model along with the Bowen Theory’s eight components can enhance the clients counseling session. I also believe that combining these two theories helps to bring balance of the cognitive and emotional components during the session. Specific Populations and Techniques Populations that are best suited for the Bowen Theory are families, adults who were abused as children, parent child issues, couple conflict, and family disorders. Individual issues such as drug abuse, anxiety, and depression. Primary Intervention Program in the San Diego Community Recidivism rates in California are decreasing. As of 2015, the San Diego County’s†¦show more content†¦The four characteristics of the program that would contribute to the effectiveness are (1) a family systems based group or individual therapy would be required (2) the program would also include a basic reading, writing, job skills training and interviewing workshops (3) a program commitment to help the individuals with job placement in (4) the participants would have to commit to a minimum of nine months in the program. The program would be a collaborative approach in offering and referring services to the Department of Health, Social Services, Community Outreach programs, Housing, and Public Transportation services. Through my various internships and volunteering for the past five years, I have made many contacts in counseling and community services. This is a situation where I would begin to utilize a few of those contacts. The goal of the program is twofold. It empowers and provides the men with a second chance at a fresh start, along with counseling. In addition to reducing the recidivism rate in San Diego, California. I think the Bowen Family Systems theory would be an effective therapy in working with the men in several ways. Often time, there may have been a history of family members who are in and out of the system. A pattern has already been formed by the time these men have committed crimes. Problems can be the result of relational patternsShow MoreRelatedAntwone Fisher - Essay4048 Words   |  17 Pages |building block of |development. More |parents, as well as |assaulted a fellow Navy |psychodynamic approach to | | |Antwon’s |specifically, his |the emotional, |man—along with an inability |therapy, he developed the | | |personality. The |ego, which is rooted|physical and sexual |to have an intimate, sexual |understanding and courage | | |neglect—lack of |in reality, is at |abuse heRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesCOGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD This page intentionally left blank COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD DAVID A. CLARK THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London  © 2004 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved Paperback edition 2007 Except as noted, no part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagesincluding product information, prices, warrantie details etc. Problem Definition and Scope The main problem that currently exists is the fact that Brainquiry does not have a clear way of introducing the products into the new markets. This in turn causes Brainquiry to require more information about the foreign markets that are of interest as listed above in the client objectives. The main research question is as followed: Is it possible for Brainquiry to expand their existing markets and enterRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPhilosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Chapter 3: Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Chapter 4: Neo-modernist organization theory: surfing the new wave? Chapter 5: Postmodernist

James Hardie Industries Ltd The Breach Of Trust Case Detailed Study

Question: Give detailed descriptionabout James Hardie Industries Ltd. Answer: Introduction A lot of has been published previously about the James Hardie case. This case today we will study is related to the infamous James Hardie Industries Ltd is a company which deals in building industrial materials. The company is situated in Ireland region in Australia. Back in May 2012 the director of the company, James Hardie was detected by the court to be breaching his duties. The director allegedly confirmed and notified a false ASX announcement which related to the foundation of a set up for compensating individuals suffering from asbestos related ailments. He declared there was funding adequacy in this set up which was an entirely false confirmation made from the end of the director.(Robertson 2012) James Hardie was amongst one of the many companies which were dealing in the mining of asbestos. It was in the mid 20th century when the industry witnessed the company to become the largest manufacturer of building materials,products,pipes,brake linings and insulations. The Asbestos plants are located in varied places in Australia in NSW,Victoria,Southern Australia, Queensland and western Australia. Gradually workers working in the Asbestos plant started showing pleural asbestos from the material used called Fibro. Such pleural abnormalities witnessed were known as Asbestosis and Malignant Mesothelioma. (Wiki) The firms in this group majorly participated in making products based on asbestos during the years 1920s. In Australia asbestos based products were used extensively as building materials. The company was responsible to contribute to around 70% of asbestos consumption in the country. Asbestos however is injurious to the health. It contains fibres that results in diseases like lung cancer even. These fatal diseases do not manifest instantly. Decades past for them to develop in the human body and one fine day comes out big. (Hargovan 2012). Duties and Responsibilities of the Director Breached James Hardie, the director of the James Hardie Industries Ltd started restructuring of the company. This involved the moving of its base offshore. The liabilities faced by the firm regarding asbestos related illness was high. Two companies under the James Hardie ownership which was liable for such growing ailments was expelled in the midst of this restructuring. This was to protect Hardies image in the entire matter.The company also funded a Medical Research and Compensation firm to research more about the illness. The director was supposed to announce and inform the market about such restructuring or ASX. Any kind of company restructuring or reforming affects its price, value and shares. In the year 2011, the company announced that it was fully funded and is having sufficient funds for fulfilling all the claims of legitimate nature. However, the reality was something else. The foundation soon was exposed to be short of funding thus proving director James Hardie to be breaching his d uties to be truth full about the companys plans and facts. (Robertson 2012) The New South Wales Supreme Court initially found that 3 senior executives and 7 non executive level Directors have breached their obligations of statutory nature under section 180(1) of the Corporations Act 2001. The jury of the NSW Supreme Court was backed by 7 more reverend judges.(Govrik 2012). Decisions of the court on the James Hardie case It was in the year 2003 month of Dec when the Foundation gave out a warning message that it is facing a serious shortfall of fundings. In a few year it will not be able to pay any claims arising in relation to the asbestos compensation fund. In 2004 the NSW Bob Carr hired David Jackson the QC to undergo an investigation. The main point of investigation was to find out the relation in between the Hardie group company restructuring and the shortfall of funding. It also included the provision to check whether corporate law was needed for ensuring the claims in the future and how will they be met. The investors of the hardie group denied any such wrong doings. The inquiry suggested the following: The MD or managing director of the James Hardie Industry in the year 2001 was prosecuted to make inquiry regarding whether the Foundations can meet all claims in future The advisory of Hardie Group, Allens Arthur Robinson breached duty in relation to the company restructure. It also lead to the cancellation of part payment of paid shares. Inquiry for the adviser Trowbridge who acted in a negligent manner while estimating the future funding needed by the Foundation. High court has ruled in its sessions that the executive and non executive directors breached corporate law by making statements which were misleading in nature regarding the asbestos compensation fund of the company. In the various court proceedings made by the ASIC, J Gzell it was found that while making the announcement James Hardie has got himself and the other directors involved in deceptive conducts. It was also found that the successor JHINV was also involved in deceptions and misleading conducts for some investor road shows. The court declared non executive directors, chief executive, chief financial officer and the secretary or general counsel of the Joint company all breaching their official duties. Non executive directors of James Hardie Industries Ltd Mr Shafron, JHINV and Mr Morley made appeals to the New South Wales Supreme Court as individual appellants to their judgement passed on the 17th of December 2010. (Austin 2012) The High Court passes the decision that these members including chair woman Meredith Hellicar was involved in this breach of making misleading falsified statement to the Share market in year 2001. The company said it had a fully functional plan to provide compensation. But in reality the underfunded amount of the company was over $5.1 billion. The company faced total bankruptcy. ASIC or the Australian Securities and Investments won their initial round in the NSW Court. Directors were fined. They were also banned to be serving as Board members for 5 years. In 2010 this ruling was overturned by their appeal. The court later returned this appeal as it wanted to decide on the matters which lay outstanding and penalties. The director James Hardie informed he was unsure how much the ruling will be costing to the company. The decision of the High Court which definitely will have a cost implication and it will be known only when the outstanding issues are judged by the court. The ASIC body of judges warns any director who is misleading investors. (Anonymous, NSW News 2012 The ASIC has made appeals to the High Court. It was for the Court of Appeals final decision given to the NEDs. These cross appeals and appeals about Mr Shafron, Mr Morley and others were withdraw. JHINV made no appeals. High Court made allowance on an unanimous basis for the ASICs appeal towards the NEDs. The following joint decision was made by CJ Gunmoq, Crennan, Bell JJ and Kiefel:- The minutes of the board meeting held in February was powerful proofs favouring the case of ASIC. The directors were stated to be approving market announcements made although it was not recorder or in document within a month's time as per s251A. It is assumed that a civil prosecutor usually has a fair judgement. ASIC never contravened any duties present in relation to the case. Mr Robb is most unlikely to give any evidence that will work in favour of the NEDs. ASIC was also discharged any burden of finding evidence about the Feb board meeting where directors approved market notifications. (Robin 2012) Due to the shortfall of funds faced by the organization a crucial issue arises that to what extent is the liabilities of the prosecution be traceable based on the overseas assets of the Hardie Group. This also includes the Netherland based parent firm JHINV. Despite the solid feature of the restructure of the company and the counsel assisting such inquiries it has been suggested that the JHINV was actually a shadow director for the Australian company ABN 60. The claims of ABN 60 were enforceable for JHINV. Chairman of ASIC Greg Medcraft stated that in this case for the regulator it has become a very important case as it has hit markets right in their heart. The information Australians received can be relied on as per what he said in the Melbourne Media conference. Decisions that raised for the directors considering their duties to be completely onerous was denied. As per them it was a timely reminder about the duty. Overall the companies in Australia have high levels of governance in the corporate level. Medraft said to the court that there will be a deterrent effect which makes sense to all Australians where they needs to take care about the accuracy of various statements made by company director for the market. The law firms representing the asbestos victims also positively welcome such decisions. As per Maurice Blackburn and Theodora Ahilas who were primary in the asbestos case, they stated that the misleading statements made by James Hardie cause false assumptions by the community about what amount of money or fund is kept aside for compensation of asbestos. This led to high stress and confusions in many of the clients of asbestos. The company finally is held accountable for the poor nature of its governance which is a good thing. Still the highest number of people suffering from asbestos is yet to be calculated in Australia. The last model used for such calculations basing itself from the deaths occurring due to mesothelioma somewhere ranges in between 2014 and 2021. The worst part is that this disease does not show itself instantly. The actual count of people who will die is yet to be traced as the disease takes decades to showcase its symptoms. The Hardies as stated by the lawyers was a story of a misleading community. AT first they misleaded the community about the dangerous products and its side effects. And then the entire world about its ability to fulfill claims from compensations of asbestosis victims. References Robertson. McCullough 2012, High Court confirms breach of duties by James Hardie directors, Australia. Govrik.Tony De 2012, The James Hardie case: risk, reputation and business ethics. Hargovan. Anil 2012, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE LESSONSFROM JAMES HARDIE, Case Note. Anonymous, NSW News 2012, James Hardie directors breached duties: court. Austin. Robin 2012, The High Court decides the James Hardie case.

Pesticides Essays (482 words) - Pesticides, Soil Contamination

Pesticides There are 2.5 billion pounds of pesticides being applied to agricultural products each year in the United States. This is ten times more than was applied forty years ago. It is still unknown as to what type of exact effects these chemicals may have on individuals. Some farmers that have been using pesticides in their fields and developed leukemia are finding that the cause of their disease is from inhaling pesticides. These chemicals are still in use today and most of them have never been tested for the short or long-term effects that they may have on humans. Each year there are 10,000 pesticide related poisonings. On July 4th 1985, over 300 Californians became sick after eating watermelons treated with the pesticide tenik. Testing supermarket produce is a way of determining the amount of exposure the consumer receives through common produce like carrots, tomatoes and lettuce. 44% of foods that were tested in supermarkets were found to have some traces of pesticide residue on them. Of all the pesticides found, nineteen of them were a pesticide called DDT. DDT was banned in this country 12 years prior to the testing. It was believed that these chemicals might have entered this country from another country that doesn't have pesticide restrictions as the U.S. does. Pesticides are contaminating the Earth's water supplies. There are seventeen pesticides found in twenty-three state's water supplies right now. Scientists at Cornell University conclude that 99% of pesticides miss the intended source and find their way into the water, air and soil. Most of the pollution isn't strong enough to create an immediate impact on humans so the wildlife is the primary target to these contaminates. Animals such as the European Starling birds are constantly being tested and found that they are greatly affected both behaviorally and psychologically. Farming practices that do not use pesticides/herbicides are slowly becoming introduced bit biologically created pesticides are not nearly as productive as found in preliminary testing. Biotechnology has shown to have successfully resisted pests in plants that were destroyed by pesticides but still hasn't proven itself as a better alternative. William Liebhardt Ph.D. is an Agricultural Specialist at the University of California, Davis and he says, "When you start spraying with pesticides, you disrupt the natural balance that exists in nature. As a result, you end up killing beneficial insects, then insects that were not a problem become problems and this happens repeatedly" requiring more and more spraying. Spraying crops with chemicals may not have an immediate effect on humans but the environment needs to be preserved for years to come in order for crop production to remain a vital link to the human diet. By not treating the crops, you face a possible situation of a major reduction in agricultural produce. The non-chemical approach may be the answer but it is obvious that there needs to be a lot more testing done on these products as well and they are not economically reasonable yet. But then paying more now is a small price to pay to have fewer problems later.